How to Lose Weight (with Calculator)Featured Article Categories: Featured Articles. Two- liter bottle - Wikipedia. US market Coke Zero bottles, showing 2 L (7. US fl oz) US Customary conversion. The two- liter bottle is a common container for soft drinks. These bottles are produced from polyethylene terephthalate, also known as PET plastic, using the blow molding process. How Water Retention Causes Weight Gain. When you stand on the scale, have you ever noticed how your weight tends to fluctuate a lot depending on the time of day? Bottle labels consist of a printed, tight- fitted plastic sleeve. A resealable screw- top allows the contents to be used at various times while retaining carbonation. In the United States, the two liter bottle is one of the few cases where a product is sold by a round number of metric units. Since very few other beverages are sold in this exact quantity, the term . Other common metric sizes for plastic soft drink bottles include 5. The plastic bottle cap itself holds ~5ml. In many Eastern European countries such as Russia or Slovakia, plastic bottles are used for selling beer as well. History. The design is still used to this day by some bottlers. Most early two- liters had a separate opaque base glued to the hemispherical bottom of the clear PET flask. This base had a coaxial corrugation and drain holes. It was abolished in the 1. Raising the chamber filled with water upright with a swirling motion initiates the vortex. A craze in 2. 00. Minimum Magnesium Standard for Drinking and Bottled Water Would Save 150,000 Lives Annually. A small group of mineral water bottlers is pressuring the.Mentos mints into a 2- liter bottle of diet cola to produce a fountain effect (the Diet Coke and Mentos eruption). A dry ice bomb can be made from a two- liter bottle, water, and dry ice. Water rockets often use a two- liter bottle. Fins are attached, the bottle is partially filled with water, and air is pumped in. On release, the air forces out a stream of water which propels the rocket higher than 1. A dry ice water rocket can be made by filling a two- liter plastic bottle about one third with water, putting in some dry ice and forcefully inserting a #3 rubber stopper. Place the dry ice water rocket on its fins with the stopper pointing down or in a paper or plastic tube for firing like a mortar or bazooka. This dry ice toy amuses, but avoids the loud noise of a dry ice bomb that can often bring an unwanted police response. A funnel by cutting the bottle in half. A drinking vessel by cutting bottle in half. An impromptu bee or wasp trap can be created by cutting the bottle in half and inverting the top into the bottom half where soda remains or bait can be placed. The bottom portion of early two- liter bottles could be removed from its opaque base, cut off from the top portion, inverted and then reinserted into the base. If air holes were cut in it, this would create a small greenhouse or, if left uncut, a terrarium. An empty two- liter bottle sealed with its cap is sometimes used as a bobber for fishing. How to Make a Soda Bottle Volcano. Making a soda-bottle volcano is a classic science experiment that doubles as a great excuse to make an explosive mess. SYMPTOMS: SIGNS: Water Intoxication: Headache, vomiting, increased urination, confusion, unsteady gait, agitation, seizures, coma Swelling of the hands and feet, dry. People consume 80 percent of their daily water in beverages, and 20 percent of their daily water in foods, according to the USDA. Want to make your own Detox water? Want to stop drinking things that will add weight like carbonated soft drinks and juices? Trimdownclub has free recipes here. A simple trap for stickleback and other small fish may be made from a two- liter bottle, a one- liter bottle and a few odds and ends (string, tape, and a few inches of rebar or other metal rod). A subirrigation system can be created by cutting a plastic bottle in half and inverting the mouth into the bottom of the bottle. A piece of polyester or other synthetic fabric is placed in the mouth (to be used as a wick). Then, soil and a plant is placed above. The plant is watered by capillary action. Two- liter bottles are popular improvised targets for shooting practice, causing a spectacular reaction on impact without being too expensive. Use as a dispenser for plastic grocery bags. Cut off the bottom of the bottle, place bags (one at a time) into the bottle. Pull out one bag at a time from the neck of the bottle. Wyeth (Filed November 3. Issued May 1. 5, 1. Retrieved May 2. 6, 2. Salt and the Athlete. Recently, Americans have been urged to pay more attention to their sodium intake. Decades ago, all foods seemed heavily salted. Then, a link between sodium intake and high blood pressure was discovered. Certainly, to a degree, this is justified. Many diseases are worsened by excess sodium intake, and millions of Americans must closely watch the amount of sodium in their diet. However, sodium is a required element for normal body functions. It is lost in sweat and urine and is replaced in the diet. The body has a remarkable ability to maintain sodium and water balance throughout a variety of conditions, thus ensuring our survival. Ultraendurance events challenge this survival mechanism. In hot, humid conditions a large amount of sweat is lost, which can disturb sodium and water balance. Adequate hydration and sodium intake - - either via sports drinks or food - - becomes vitally important during long races. The goal of this article is to help you determine how to maintain sodium balance during training and racing and during recovery. The information for this article came from a variety of published studies done on healthy, young athletes and may not be appropriate for everyone. Athletes who are under a physician's care or have health problems should check with their doctor about salt and their ability to exercise in the heat. Hyponatremia - - what is it? Hyponatremia means a low concentration of sodium in the blood. When it occurs in triathletes, it usually happens during long or ultra- distance races in the heat but may occur anytime. It is estimated that approximately 3. Hawaii Ironman are both hyponatremic and dehydrated. The longer the race, the greater the risk of hyponatremia. What causes it? The exact mechanisms are not fully understood and I won't go into the complex physiologic pathways of sodium and water balance. The simplest answer is that lost sweat (salt and water) is replaced by ingested water (no salt). This dilutes the sodium in the bloodstream, and hyponatremia results. Longer races carry a greater risk of hyponatremia because of the total amount of sweat lost. During exercise in the heat, more salt is lost in sweat per hour than is usually replaced by food and fluids, including sports drinks. Your body can tolerate a degree of imbalance for a short period of time, but it may decompensate if this continues for too long. Sweat contains between 2. So, for a 1. 2 hour race, one could lose approximately 2. If the athlete replaces only the lost water and has minimal salt intake, hyponatremia can result. Medications and hyponatremia. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and other non- steroidal anti- inflammatory agents interfere with kidney function and may contribute to the development of hyponatremia in triathletes. The same applies to acetaminophen (Tylenol). I have seen many athletes taking these drugs during Ironman races, and I strongly recommend against this practice. They won't make you faster and may hurt you. Under tough conditions, your kidneys need to function at 1. Other drugs that may contribute to hyponatremia are diuretics, narcotics, and certain psychiatric medications. What are the symptoms of hyponatremia? The spectrum of symptoms can range from mild to severe and can include nausea, muscle cramps, disorientation, slurred speech, confusion, and inappropriate behavior. As it progresses, victims may experience seizures or coma, and death can occur. Severe hyponatremia is a true medical emergency. Treatment. Minor symptoms, such as nausea and mild muscle cramps, can be treated by eating salty foods and hydrating with a sodium containing sports drink. More severe symptoms require treatment by qualified medical personnel. If you think you are suffering from hyponatremia or are unsure, seek medical attention immediately. Recommendations. There are no clear cut guidelines, and recommendations need to be individualized for each triathlete. Some authorities recommend drinking less water to rebalance sodium and water intake. However, given the risk of dehydration and heat injury, this is not a practical recommendation. To reiterate, all of the hyponatremic athletes in the Hawaii Ironman were also dehydrated. Others recommend increasing salt intake, and this seems more prudent. By ingesting more sodium, hydration with water is balanced and dilution of blood sodium does not occur. Relative importance for different length raceslength of race less than 1 hr 1 - 3 hrs > 3 hrswater - /+ + +carbohydrate - + +salt - - /+ +It cannot be stressed enough that you have got to know what your needs are prior to race day. Rehearse your hydration, feeding, and salt strategy during your training sessions. There are so many variations between individuals that there is no single right answer. Know what your body's' needs are. Drink frequently to attempt to stay hydrated. Please note that this may not be appropriate for everyone. A Texas favorite after a hot training ride, or run, is low- fat tortilla chips (salty ones) and picante sauce (quite salty). Sodium? Undoubtedly, some of you have noticed that FDA food labels list grams (or milligrams) of sodium, and at times in this article, I have referred to grams of salt. What is the difference? Salt is made up of sodium and chloride. The FDA labels lists only the sodium content. This is because there are usually other sodium containing salts (eg. To avoid confusion, the easiest way to ensure that you have enough sodium intake is to get used to reading the FDA labels. For example to get 1 gram (1. Gatorade - - certainly impractical every hour! To get 1 gram of sodium from table salt, you would need to ingest 2. A teaspoon of salt weighs approximately 6. What about salt tablets? It is best if you strive to get your sodium from both sports drinks and salty foods - - as opposed to salt tablets - - for two reasons. Salty foods stimulate thirst, and it is possible to ingest too much salt with tablets but very difficult with food. If you don't think that your food and sports drink is providing enough sodium, then consider salt tablets. Make sure you know how much you are taking! What foods are best? Ideally, foods consumed during a long race should be low fat, low protein, high carbohydrate, and provide a source of sodium. You need water, carbohydrates, and salt to survive a long race. For convenience, I have listed a few foods and sports drinks and their respective sodium content. You'll need to experiment and find the combination that is best for you. Get used to reading the FDA labels. Salty. pretzel twists 5.
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